重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗专家共识(2017版)
导读目前经颅磁刺激技术得到了广泛的使用,国内的经颅磁刺激技术达到世界先进水平,在神经心理科(抑郁症、精分症)、康复科、儿科(脑瘫等)等各个方面都得到了应用。其中对抑郁症、睡眠障碍等疾病的疗效,作为一种非药物治疗在临床取得了可喜的成绩。
但是,国内目前并没有经颅磁刺激技术的使用指南,给临床使用的医师也带来了困扰。今天,通过“中国医师协会神经调控专业委员会电休克与神经刺激学组”各位专家的不懈努力,我国首部重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗专家共识完成。
重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗专家共识(2017版)
中国医师协会神经调控专业委员会电休克与神经刺激学组
[关键词]经颅磁刺激;rTMS;经颅磁导航;专家共识
[中图分类号]R749.045 [文献标志码] B [文章编号]
编写组专家介绍:
许毅:浙江大学医学院附属第一医院 浙江省精神障碍诊疗和防治技术重点实验室
执笔人:
李达:浙江大学医学院附属第一医院 浙江省精神障碍诊疗和防治技术重点实验室
谭立文:中南大学湘雅二医院精神卫生研究所
刘卫青:昆明医科大学第一附属医院
石川:北京大学第六医院北京大学精神卫生研究所
傅建明:嘉兴市第二人民医院康复中心
安建雄:中国医科大学航空总医院麻醉疼痛与重症医学中心中国科学院北京转化医学研究院
经颅磁技术简介
经颅磁刺激(transcranial magnetic stimulation,TMS)由Barker于1985年创立。基于电磁感应与电磁转换原理,用刺激线圈瞬变电流产生的磁场穿透颅骨,产生感应电流刺激神经元引发一系列生理、生化反应。作为非侵入性刺激技术,TMS作用于人脑引起神经活动的改变,可检测到运动诱发电位(motor evoked potential,MEP),脑电活动变化,脑血流、代谢和大脑功能状态改变。其微观作用包括细胞膜电位、动作电位、神经递质、受体、突触、神经可塑性发生变化。
医生应掌握TMS 工作原理和作用机制,并依据临床表现、实验室和影像检查结果,设计个体化治疗方案。先根据大脑皮质功能解剖体表投影决定刺激部位,再决定刺激模式、强度、频率、间歇、疗程等。TMS适应证已经扩大到抑郁、癫痫、神经性头痛等。
经颅磁刺激模式分类
1、单脉冲刺激( single-pulse TMS)
常刺激皮层拇指运动区,用于测定运动诱发电位(MEP),测定治疗能量或运动皮层功能障碍定量评估。
2、成对脉冲刺激(paired-pulse TMS)
同一个线圈在数十毫秒内先后发放两个脉冲,刺激同一脑区,或两个不同线圈刺激不同脑区。常用于皮层兴奋性评估。
3、重复脉冲刺激(rTMS)
按照固定频率连续发放多个脉冲的刺激模式。通常用于临床治疗和暂时性兴奋或抑制特定皮层功能区域。具体频率参数设置依治疗或研究目的而定。
4、爆发模式脉冲刺激(bursts TMS)
将一种固定频率脉冲嵌套在另一种固定频率脉冲中的刺激模式,常用爆发模式有theta burst序列(TBS),3个连续50Hz脉冲嵌入5Hz脉冲中。TBS序列分为两种:连续脉冲cTBS抑制皮层功能,间隔脉冲iTBS(刺激2秒,间隔8秒)兴奋皮层功能。
经颅磁治疗风险及评估
[*]癫痫及惊厥
[*]头皮刺痛、灼热感
[*]头颅或体腔内存在金属磁性物质(电子耳蜗、部分心脏起搏器等植入性医疗产品)
[*]听力损害
[*]诱发癫痫或惊厥发作风险的药物
说明:高频刺激有诱发癫痫或抽搐发作风险。但低频刺激可以用于抗癫痫治疗。12岁以下患者佩戴耳塞可以最大程度上避免噪音对听力的损害。
rTMS安全操作及治疗规范
[*]rTMS治疗仪器属于大型用电设备,保证电压稳定、电流不会过载,避免安全隐患
[*]签署知情同意书并完成安全筛查评估(参见附表1)
[*]首次治疗测定病人皮层静息运动阈值(RMT简称MT)。病人取坐位或仰卧位,使用单脉冲模式刺激利手侧拇指运动区皮层(M1),刺激10次,其中5次可以诱发拇指外展肌运动时(诱发拇指外展肌诱发电位达到50微幅以上),该刺激强度能量为MT。MT存在个体差异,且治疗能量大小是根据MT进行制定(见附表2),是开展rTMS治疗的必要环节。
[*]根据治疗目的选定rTMS强度、频率和数目。应严格限制在在安全序列范围内。避免诱发癫痫风险的安全序列见附表2
[*]rTMS治疗靶点定位,常用治疗位点脑区定位方法有三种:
[*]先测定M1区,可以观测到外显运动反应进行确定,之后以M1区作为参照点,沿头皮各个方向进行定位
[*] 参照国际标准脑电电极10-20导联系统定位(如图所示)
[*] 借助脑影像导航技术定位。脑影像包括如下种类:全脑T1、T2结构像、各类功能像等(如脑血流、静息态、功能区激活像等)。
治疗过程中不良反应的评定(见附表3)
rTMS临床治疗推荐
以下内容为共识循证依据的参照标准:由欧洲神经学会联盟提出。根据证据价值由高到低,分为I-IV四个级别。此外还参考了美国牛津大学循证医学中心的循证依据标准,即优先考虑系统综述中获得的证据,也列入级别I中。文献检索以截止到2017年6月Pubmed数据库为准。
1抑郁症(FDA适应证)
目前,加拿大、新西兰、以色列、美国都已批准rTMS 可以用于治疗抑郁症。rTMS 可以单独或联合药物治疗。但是对于病情严重,伴有自杀观念的抑郁症患者不建议单独使用rTMS。
临床推荐1:
rTMS高频刺激左背外侧额叶或低频刺激右背外侧额叶,用于抑郁症急性期疗效肯定,连续4-6周,必要时可延长治疗时间。I级研究一致证据。
临床推荐2:
先前急性期rTMS治疗受益,目前复发的患者。I级研究一致证据。
临床推荐3:
rTMS可作为急性期治疗获益患者的后续或维持治疗。I级研究一致证据。
临床推荐4:
rTMS可以单独或联合抗抑郁药或其他精神类药物。II级研究一致证据。
2 慢性神经性或非神经性疼痛
临床推荐1:
rTMS高频刺激疼痛区域对侧皮层运动区(M1)用于治疗慢性神经痛。I级一致证据。
临床推荐2:
rTMS低频刺激枕叶用于治疗偏头痛(FDA批准)。I级一致证据。
临床推荐3:
rTMS高频刺激左背外侧前额叶(DLPFC)或运动皮层用于治疗非神经性疼痛,如纤维肌痛、复杂区域疼痛综合症(CRPS I型)。II、III、IV级证据。
3 运动障碍
临床推荐1:
rTMS高频或低频刺激辅助运动皮层或运动皮层改善帕金森综合症运动症状。I、II、III级证据。
临床推荐2:
rTMS高频刺激或低频刺激运动区M1或辅助运动区SMA,用于治疗药物诱发震颤(levodopa-induceddyskinesias)。III级一致证据。
临床推荐3:
rTMS高频刺激L-DLPFC治疗帕金森合并抑郁症。II、III级证据。
临床推荐4:
rTMS低频刺激运动区治疗肌张力障碍。III级一致证据。
4 中风
临床推荐1:
rTMS高频刺激受累侧皮层运动区或低频刺激健侧皮层运动区,用于治疗运动区中风。II、III级证据。
临床推荐2:
rTMS高频或低频刺激布洛卡区,治疗运动性失语症。III、IV级证据。
临床推荐3:
爆发模式cTBS 序列刺激左侧顶枕叶皮层治疗偏侧忽视。III级一致证据。
5 癫痫
临床推荐1:
rTMS低频刺激皮层癫痫灶治疗癫痫发作。II、III级证据。
6 耳鸣
临床推荐 1:
rTMS低频刺激颞叶或颞顶叶皮层,高频刺激右背外侧额叶皮层(R-DLPFC)治疗耳鸣。II、III级证据。
7 焦虑障碍
临床推荐1:
rTMS高频刺激右背外侧额叶或低频刺激左背外侧额叶治疗创伤后应激障碍。III级一致证据。
临床推荐2:
rTMS低频刺激右背外侧额和颞顶区治疗惊恐发作和广泛性焦虑。III级一致证据。
8 强迫症
临床推荐1:
rTMS高频或低频刺激双侧背外侧前额叶(DLPFC)治疗强迫症。II、III级证据。
9 精神分裂症
临床推荐1:
rTMS低频刺激颞顶叶皮层治疗幻听。II、III级证据。
临床推荐2:
rTMS高频刺激LDLPFC或双侧DLPFC改善精神分裂症阴性症状。II、III级证据。
10 物质成瘾
临床推荐1:
rTMS高频刺激左侧DLPFC降低毒品渴求(心瘾),目前证据提示没有长期效果。II、III级证据。
11 睡眠障碍
临床推荐1:
rTMS低频1Hz刺激背外侧前额叶和顶枕区域治疗睡眠障碍。II、III级证据。
关于治疗特殊人群的几点说明
1、孕妇
磁场强度随距离迅速衰减,所以胎儿不太可能受到TMS影响。抑郁孕妇成功接受TMS治疗而胎儿未出现副作用。临床上孕妇接受TMS治疗应避免直接刺激腰椎。作为TMS操作者的孕妇应至少远离线圈0.7米。
2、儿童
研究证实单脉冲和成对脉冲TMS用于儿童安全。发育过程中的因素确实影响儿童接受TMS安全性:(i)皮质兴奋性水平(新生儿皮质兴奋性高,刺激能量过高需要注意TMS诱发癫痫可能),(ii)囟门关闭与否(未闭要特别注意避免机械损伤),(iii)外耳道生长(小于2岁儿童需要特别注意保护听力)。儿童年龄小于2岁慎用。
问题与展望
以往应用TMS 的最大难题是如何精准刺激靶点。Bohning等于1998年将神经导航定位系统应用于TMS,通过与fMRI/CT 等影像技术结合实现了可视化TMS,结合PET、SPECT、DTI、fMRI、磁共振波谱(magneticresonancespectroscopy,MRS)等技术可以更好地探讨TMS 的治疗机制。目前存在主要问题包括:①治疗效果的影响因素;②各类疾病作用机制;④rTMS 与药物治疗的结合。
附表1:重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)物理治疗安全筛查表
重复经颅磁(rTMS)物理治疗安全筛查
安全筛查表中项目1~3属于TMS治疗的绝对禁忌,如果被试有任何一项选择“是”,则必须终止退出治疗;项目4~13属于相对禁忌,如果被试有任何一项选择“是”,则需要主管医师亲自排查,达到TMS治疗安全标准后,方可进行治疗,否则一律终止退出治疗。
为了最大程度地确保您的安全,请认真如实回答下列问题。如果您在答题时有任何疑问请随时咨询我们。您现在或曾经有过下列情况吗?如果有请在项目前面勾选“是”,并在后面注明;如果没有请勾选“否”。
1、□是 □否 头颅内或头皮上有金属物品或装置。
2、□是 □否 心脏起搏器。
3、□是 □否 医学植入装置:
□是 □否 心脏内导线
□是 □否 中心静脉导管
4、□是 □否 皮质中风病史,或其他形式的脑损伤,如脑瘤。
5、□是 □否 之前被诊断为抽搐或癫痫。
6、□是 □否 曾经做过神经外科手术。
7、□是 □否 已怀孕或有可能怀孕?最近一次月经的时期:
8、□是 □否 身体带有任何带电的、机械的或带有磁性的植入物?
9、□是 □否 偏头痛——如果有,这种头痛是受控制的吗?(疑问:是指药物控制,还是主观控制?)
10、□是 □否 请在表格后面列出您正在服用的药物(尤其是作用于抽搐发作阈值的药物,如三环类的抗抑郁剂、精神稳定剂、锂盐、或茶碱;或可能诱发出血的抗凝血剂药物)。
11、□是 □否 身体上有某种病症或不适尚未痊愈。
12、□是 □否 您肩膀以上部位的身体或衣服上有金属制品吗?如果有,请摘除。
13、□是 □否 您身上有金属制品吗?(包括手表、首饰、发卡、眼镜、耳环等穿孔饰品、钱包、钥匙等)如果有,请摘除。
我已阅读并理解文档中的问题。文档下面的签名证明我已全部正确地回答了文档中的问题,并同意治疗。
受检者(或家属)签名: 年 月 日
附表2:避免诱发癫痫所限定的安全序列表
备注:表格中数字为指定频率在指定强度下可以连续刺激的安全时间限制(单位:秒):如1Hz序列在100%阈值(强度)下,可以安全连续刺激的时间为大于1800秒,以此类推。由此可见:准确测定受试者的静息运动阈值(RMT),并以次设定治疗能量强度,是避免诱发癫痫,增加安全性的重要前提。
附表3:rTMS不良反应评定量表
处理方法
日期:__________年________月______日 评定者签名:_________________
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